A Theory of Stuttering
A Theory of Stuttering
1.1. Speaking as a sequential behavior
1.2. Speaking programs and acoustic word forms
1.3. The automatic self-monitoring of speech
1.4. Expectations – the basis of self-monitoring
2.1. The immediate cause: invalid error signals
2.2. The role of cerebellum and basal ganglia
2.2.1. The two components of stuttering
2.4. The root cause: misallocation of attention
2.4.1. Speech processing requires attention
2.4.2. The causal chain of stuttering
2.5. Stuttering at speech onset
2.6.1. Transient childhood stuttering
2.7.1. The vicious circle of stuttering
2.8. The predisposition for stuttering
2.8.1. Attention deficits, hyperactivity
2.8.2. Auditory processng deficits
2.9.1. The application of speech aids
3.2. A new unifying explanation
3.8. Altered auditory feedback
3.8.1. Delayed auditory feedback
3.8.2. Frequency-altered auditory feedback
3.9.1. Response contingent stimulation
3.10. Masked auditory feedback
3.13. How FCs work at speech onset
4.1. Attention and lateralization
4.2. White matter deficits – the cause of stuttering?
Table 1: Brain activation in secondary auditory areas
Table 2: Structure of “Why does stuttering disappear...”
Figure 1: Feedback-based and feed-forward control
Figure 2: Acoustic word forms and speaking programs
Figure 3: Internal and external feedback loop
Figure 4: Model of speech processing
Figure 5: Speech error versus stuttering
Figure 6: The two components, further update
Figure 7: The causal chain of a stutter event
Figure 8: The development of transient stuttering
Figure 9: The development of persistent stuttering
Figure 10: The vicious circle of stuttering
Figure 11: Predispostion and influencing factors
Figure 12: How fluency-enhancing conditions work
Figure 13: Types of fluency-enhancing conditions
Figure 14: Attention and the lack of lateralization
Figure 15: Superior longitudinal fasciculus (SLF)
Figure 16: Extreme capsule fiber system (ECFS)
Figure 17: The two components of stuttering
Figure 18: The two components – update
Figure 19: Basal ganglia – direct pathway
Figure 20: Basal ganglia, cerebellum, indirect pathway
Figure 21: Amplified auditory feedback (Fiorin et al., 2021)
2024-6-21: A (late) comment on Fiorin et al. (2021)
2024-5-30: A comment on Lazzari et al. (2024)
2024-5-28: A comment on Neef and Chang (2024)
2024-1-12: Let’s put the puzzle together!
2022-11-11: Stuttering, basal ganglia, and cerebellum
2022-9-28: Auditory processing deficits and stuttering
2022-9-19: Stuttering disappeared after cerebellar injury
2020-12-14: Why does stuttering disappear...
2020-8-23: Resonant voice against stuttering
2020-5-11: Are internal forward models involved in suttering?
2019-11-14: Pre-speech auditory modulation
2019-10-14: Wastepipe toobaloo and echo mic
2019-7-14: The two components of stuttering
2019-6-13: Wernicke’s aphasia.
2019-5-18: The debate on auditory feedback.
2019-3-5: When we hear ourselves saying something...
2018-11-7: Pre-speech facilitation
2018-9-27: The Main Interruption Rule
2018-8-16: Speech sound discrimination and stuttering.
2018-7-29: Anomalous regulation of visual attention.
2018-7-1: Shadow speech – normal and inverse.
2018-2-19: tDCS in the treatment of stuttering?
2018-1-2: Why are right frontal brain areas overactive?